CAN PREDATOR-PREY MATH HELP TWEAK GUT BACTERIA?

Scientists have taken an action better to understanding how digestive tract germs affect our health and wellness and how they could possibly modify the microbiome.

For something that has evolved with us over countless years, and remains component of our physiology over our whole lives, our digestive tract microbiome remains rather of a mystery.

Consisted of trillions of microorganisms of at the very least a thousand various species, this community of germs, infections, protozoa, and fungis in our intestinal tracts is unique to every individual and has been found to be intimately connected to various essential aspects of our fitness, from our resistance to our metabolic process and psychological health and wellness.


                                                                                  Tuntunan bagi pemula main slot online    

For the scientists that dealt with the new study, the digestive tract microbiome is an amazing machine, filled with communications and competitors that straight impact our health. Adjusting this machine in a beneficial instructions, they say, could improve our resistance to illness.

The scientists suggest a method for driving a mathematical digestive tract microbiome model towards a target microbiome structure by manipulating certain specifications of the model.

Called SPARC (SSR-guided specification change), this approach decreases the intricacy of the system without compromising it.

And, inning accordance with a research study in the journal Physical Review E, it also "offers a methodical understanding of how ecological factors and species-species communications can be controlled to control environmental outcomes."

"Can clinical treatments improve hold health and wellness by customizing the microbiome structure? We still do not really know, so it is a huge area of research," says Eric Jones, a finish trainee in the physics division at the College of California, Santa Barbara. "This question is a great incentive."

MODELING THE GUT MICROBIOME
In our lives, many people wish to improve our digestive tract microbiome by taking probiotics and consuming fermented foods. In medical circumstances, fecal transplants have been revealed to effectively treat repeating infections of the digestive tract germs Clostridium difficile, which often recur after prescription anti-biotics used to treat infections erase "helpful" digestive tract germs as well.

But beyond brushing up and heroic measures to include populaces of great germs to the GI system, there isn't a lot learnt about how to discreetly point the system in a healthy and balanced instructions.

"It is about greater than simply placing in the right microorganisms," Jones says. "You need to understand the environment that the microorganisms remain in and you need to understand what facilitates a steady digestive tract microbiome structure."

BLACK DEATH SHOWS HOW DISEASE CHANGES DAILY LIFE

There are parallels in between today's COVID-19 pandemic and the Black Fatality of 14th-century Italy, as well as lessons we can gain from that time, historian Paula Findlen argues.

For Italians in the 14th-century, the bubonic afflict initially appeared remarkable but its duplicated return made it a lot a component of everyday life that it became a financial annoyance and an management problem to resolve. The afflict eventually led to advancements in medication and public health and wellness, inning accordance with Findlen, a teacher of Italian background at Stanford College and supervisor of the Suppes Facility for the Background and Viewpoint of Scientific research and Technology.
  Tuntunan bagi pemula main slot online

"The background of pandemics—and not just plague—puts our worries about COVID-19 in point of view. Previously cultures consistently found ways to recuperate from the impact of illness, with much less sources compared to we have today. I hope this advises us to be innovative and durable with our own challenges," says Findlen, whose research analyzes how the very early background of scientific research, medication, and technology are main to understanding modern culture.

Findlen recently composed an evaluation essay about the Florentine humanist Boccaccio's experience with the Black Fatality in Renaissance Italy.

As the globe faces another global pandemic, Findlen explains the problems Renaissance Italians faced related to the Black Fatality, consisting of ones that might appear acquainted to us today, such as the problems of reliably coverage the illness, misinformation projects, and political stress in between specifies about their reaction.

She also digs right into the beginnings of words "quarantine" and Giovanni Filippo Ingrassia, which Findlen likens to a Renaissance variation of Anthony Fauci, supervisor of the US Nationwide Institute of Allergic reaction and Contagious Illness:

Q
Exist any parallels in between how we're managing COVID-19 today and how Italians thwarted the bubonic afflict in the 14th-century?

A
Since classical times, individuals have debated whether to remain or leave throughout an epidemic, and how to prevent others from coming. "Quarantine" is a specific tradition of how late middle ages and Renaissance cities reacted to afflict, not throughout the initial pandemic of 1346-53, but after its return. The first known regulations (by the Venetians) in 1377 just defined thirty days but it evolved right into 40, which is what quarantina means. Forty made more sense to doctors that read Hippocrates on the typical size of an extremely infectious illness as well as understood, as Christians, that this was the period of Lenten not eating.

Q
How did the bubonic afflict change the connection in between scientific research, federal government, and culture?

A
The idea of public health—health as a common and cumulative good—predates the Black Fatality and was never ever just about illness. It also encompassed the facilities that added to society's wellness generally, in Italy and somewhere else. The duplicated return of afflict became a factor to spend more particularly in medical facilities and to repurpose leprosaria [leper asylums], ­whose populace had decreased, by turning them right into "insect houses" on the brink of cities such as Venice. Eventually, it led to a administration billed with preserving a healthy and balanced culture.

The medicalized vision of public health and wellness became a lot more common throughout 17th-century outbreaks of afflict and various other illness compared to in the 14th century. Very early modern specifies took a greater rate of passion in policing health and wellness, particularly amongst the bad, displaced, and international residents that could not claim citizenship. They went to times perceived to foment "bad air" (words "jungle fever" literally means that), however there was some understanding that pets and fabrics might also be resources of infection. They simply didn't know why because they had no understanding of infections, not to mention the idea of microbial infection.

DEATH RATE FOR PEOPLE WITH COVID-19 SYMPTOMS IS ‘STAGGERING’

COVID-19 is a lot more fatal compared to the influenza, a brand-new study verifies.

The study's outcomes also project a grim future if the US does not put up a solid fight versus the spread out of the infection.

The nationwide rate of fatality amongst individuals contaminated with the unique coronavirus that causes COVID-19 that show signs is 1.3%, the scientists found. The comparable rate of fatality for the seasonal influenza is 0.1%.

Tuntunan bagi pemula main slot online

"COVID-19 infection is deadlier compared to flu—we can put that debate to rest," says Anirban Basu, teacher of health and wellness business economics and supervisor of the CHOICE Institute at the at the College of Washington Institution of Pharmacy.

A brand-new website from Basu and his associates checks out the infection and death prices in US counties for individuals with signs.

For this study, 116 counties in 33 specifies had COVID-19 information that in shape Basu's durable criteria for addition in the evaluation. The site's forecasts will be upgraded as new information appears, he says.

Basu tensions that this website isn't a projecting tool—it doesn't anticipate what will occur in the future. Instead, it uses the approximated fatality rate amongst symptomatic COVID-19 situations to project what is happening presently in these neighborhoods, such as the most likely numbers for total infections and symptomatic situations. The device will also information how the everyday occurrence of infections changes.

In the specify of Washington, for instance, the county-specific death estimates varied from 0.5% to 3.6%. King Region at 3.6% is the highest amongst all 116 US counties the scientists examined. Amongst the state's various other counties that the scientists could consist of in this evaluation were Chelan Region at 2.3%, Island Region at 2.2%, and Spokane Region at 2%.

The COVID-19 fatality rate, the study includes, means that if the same variety of individuals in the US are contaminated at completion of the year as those contaminated with the influenza virus—roughly 35.5 million in 2018-2019—then nearly 500,000 individuals will pass away of COVID-19.

However, the unique coronavirus is more contagious compared to the influenza infection, Basu says. So, a conservative estimate of 20% of the US populace ending up being contaminated by completion of the year—with the present trends in social distancing and healthcare provide proceeding, while representing those contaminated that will recuperate asymptomatically—could outcome in the variety of fatalities climbing up to in between 350,000 and 1.2 million.

"This is a shocking number, which can just be brought with sound public health and wellness measures," Basu says.

To develop county-by-county models that could more accurately demonstrate how fatal the pandemic is, Basu used openly reported information on the total COVID-19 situations and fatalities. Recognizing that both of these reported amounts most likely undercount and change in time, Basu looked at the trends in the proportion of these 2 numbers, or the reported "situation death prices," to more accurately reflect how fatal the infection is amongst those that fall ill because of it.

"Our hope is that our study outcomes can help notify local and nationwide plans that will conserve resides in the future," says Basu. "Eventually, we want this work to advance the health and wellness of individuals worldwide."

Basu also keeps in mind that the model should not be deemed the "last word" on estimating the COVID-19 death rate, but as among several techniques used to measure the impact of the infection.

"The infection death proportion estimate is itself vibrant in nature," Basu says. "The overall estimate can both increase or decrease in the future, depending upon the demographics where the infections will be spreading out.

"It's feasible, as the infection spreads out to more country counties of the nation, the overall infection death rate will increase because of the lack of access to necessary healthcare delivery."

EXPERTS URGE CHILD VACCINATIONS EVEN DURING PANDEMIC

Current records from the CDC show a decrease in routine child inoculations throughout the COVID-19 pandemic.

This has triggered clinical experts to sound the alarm system about the importance of these essential vaccines.

Tuntunan bagi pemula main slot online

Here, Rutgers New Jacket Clinical Institution doctors, Joseph Schwab, an partner teacher of pediatric medicines, and Hanan A. Tanuos, supervisor of primary treatment and an partner teacher of pediatric medicines, discuss how moms and dads can help maintain to this day with inoculations throughout the coronavirus dilemma:

Q
How have the COVID-19 lockdowns affected inoculation prices in children?

A
Although it is challenging to obtain real-time numbers, anecdotally, immunization prices are down as we've listened to of many methods terminating or postponing visits for inoculations. We're hoping the New Jacket Immunization Information System (NJIIS) and specify Division of Health and wellness can share any put together information they may have quickly.

Q
How important are scheduled inoculations for children, also throughout a pandemic?

A
As the foundation of public health and wellness practice, routine immunizations protect children versus important vaccine-preventable illness. Anything that reduces immunization prices in a neighborhood has the potential not just to leave individual clients in danger but also to set the phase for transmission and a regional outbreak or wider epidemic.

This could include to the concern of a currently overtaxed healthcare system attempting to provide treatment throughout a pandemic. This is why we're advocating for preserving high immunization prices, particularly amongst children, also throughout the COVID-19 pandemic.

Q
Can you explain any specific measures or precautions that are being absorbed the doctor's workplaces to ensure that it's safe for moms and dads to generate their child for inoculations?

A
We can't talk particularly for all healthcare service companies, but here at Rutgers College Pediatric medicines, we're production certain the safety and health and wellness of our families is our highest priority. We're offering just well visits in the early mornings and seeing most ill clients by telemedicine, and for any ill clients that need to find into the workplace, they are seen in the mid-days.

All rooms are thoroughly cleaned between clients, and all our staff wear masks. We ask just one adult to go along with each child to his/her visit, and we advise families that if a moms and dad is feeling sick they should send out another relative that is well to the visit. All clients and moms and dads are screened for high temperature and indications of disease at the entryway to the building, and they are provided with masks.

They are also screened again when they enter our collection for high temperature and indications of disease. If anybody isn't well, they are described an appropriate provider for treatment, and the well visit is rescheduled. We also minimize time in our waiting room. Clients are brought straight to an examination room after arrival. We hope these measures will limit the variety of sick clients showing up in the workplace and minimize contact in between families.

MILLIONS OF HUMAN CELLS GROW IN MOUSE EMBRYO IN 17 DAYS

A brand-new technique significantly ramps up manufacturing of fully grown human cells in computer mouse embryos.

Creating human cells in vivo is critical because cells made in a petri meal often don't act similarly that cells perform in the body.

For years, the huge disease-curing potential of human stem cells has been thwarted by the failure to produce sufficient amounts of fully grown human cells in vivo—in a living organism.

Tuntunan bagi pemula main slot online

"This is essential research that allows us to use the computer mouse embryo to assist us better understand human development," says corresponding writer Jian Feng, teacher of physiology and biophysics in the Jacobs Institution of Medication and Biomedical Sciences at the College at Buffalo. "Further development of our technology could enable the generation of also bigger amounts of specific kinds of fully grown human cells to permit us to produce more effective computer mouse models to study illness that gravely affect people, such as jungle fever or COVID-19," says Feng.

And because this technique creates so many fully grown human cells, it could possibly produce products to treat persistent illness, such as diabetes or kidney failing, by changing a patient's damaged cells with healthy and balanced human cells or cells.

Feng explains that it may be feasible to produce a far better computer mouse model of the human body immune system or elements of the human respiratory system in purchase to study COVID-19, an illness that created chaos in people, but hardly affects mice.

It could also be feasible to use the new technique to produce mice with much more fully grown human red blood cells. Such mice would certainly be very effective in the study of jungle fever, an illness which affects just people by ruining our red blood cells.

"We have a great deal of questions to answer before the technology can be useful, but this is the very first time that anybody has produced so many fully grown human cells in a computer mouse embryo," says Feng.

Previous initiatives to produce human cells in computer mouse embryos have produced small quantities of premature cells that are hard to measure. On the other hand, the new technique led to countless fully grown human cells in a computer mouse embryo in 17 days.

In this study, the scientists infused 10-12 naive human stem cells right into a computer mouse blastocyst when it was 3.5 days old. The computer mouse embryo after that produced countless fully grown human cells, consisting of red blood cells, eye cells, and liver cells, as it developed.

"We understand that up to 4% of the total variety of cells in the computer mouse embryo were human cells," Feng. "This is a reduced estimate because we cannot measure the large quantity of human red blood cells produced in the computer mouse embryo."

He says that because these fully grown human red blood cells don't have a nucleus, they are not counted by the technique that the researchers use to measure the total variety of cells.

CAN THIS BIOMARKER FLAG AUTISM IN NEWBORNS?

A biomarker in babies may indicate autism range condition months or also years before signs or medical diagnosis, inning accordance with a brand-new study.

Scientists found that babies identified with autism later on in youth had very reduced degrees of a neuropeptide associated with the condition in their cerebrospinal liquid.

Experts say the previously a child is identified with autism range condition, the quicker treatments can begin to assist curb the unfavorable impacts of the condition, such as social and interaction challenges.

Tuntunan bagi pemula main slot online

However, it is difficult to determine autism before signs show up because blood or hereditary tests that can flag the problem do not exist.

"Autism presently is identified behaviorally, mainly in children ages 2 to 4 years of ages, but these new searchings for recommend we might have the ability to better anticipate which babies will go on develop the condition as children," says John N. Constantino, teacher of psychiatry and pediatric medicines at Washington College in St. Louis and co-senior investigator of the paper in the Procedures of the Nationwide Academy of Sciences.

"This neuropeptide biomarker lengthy predates medical signs, and if verified, it could permit us to start treatments a lot previously in children that will go on develop problems, further opening up the opportunity of pharmaceutical strategies to increase neuropeptide degrees and, possibly, to prevent some problems associated with autism."

AUTISM BIOMARKER AND RISK
For the study, scientists analyzed cerebrospinal liquid examples gathered throughout from a large cohort of feverish babies cared for at St. Louis Children's Medical facility twenty years back. The researchers determined that infants whose examples had very reduced degrees of the neuropeptide had a significantly greater possibility to receive an autism medical diagnosis later on in youth.

Neuropeptides are brief chains of amino acids. Scientists currently think lower degrees of the neuropeptide determined in the study—arginine vasopressin—in children with autism.

Constantino, supervisor of the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, says that research has connected variants in arginine vasopressin and oxytocin, another hormonal agent, with autism range condition, but the new study offers the first proof that degrees of among the hormonal agents are unusual so very early in life.

Measuring the neuropeptide may provide a sign which children have the highest risk of developing autism, he says.

The study involved 913 babies with fevers whose cerebrospinal liquid scientists analyzed and found no pens of meningitis. Scientists conserved and kept the remaining spinal liquid.

Consisted of in those examples was cerebrospinal liquid from 9 children that went on receive an autism medical diagnosis. The scientists contrasted those 9 examples to examples from 17 age- and gender-matched children that didn't receive an autism medical diagnosis.

The 9 children identified later on in youth had significantly lower degrees of arginine vasopressin as babies compared to the 17 that didn't go on receive a medical diagnosis for the condition.

"This new organic hint from an unusual and unmatched collection of newborn human spinal liquid examples needs to be pursued in bigger varieties of children," says co-senior investigator Karen J. Parker, partner teacher and partner chair of psychiatry and behavior sciences at Stanford College.

"Provided the positioning of these searchings for with studies in older children and in nonhuman primates, we want to understand why this neuropeptide might have such a significant, anticipating organization with the development of autism range condition because it seems incredibly anticipating of future risk."

TRIAL TESTS CORD BLOOD AS AUTISM TREATMENT

A current study evaluated whether a solitary mixture of a unit of a child's own or donor cable blood could improve social interaction abilities in children in between the ages of 2 and 7 identified with autism range condition.

Of the 180 children in the study, the subgroup of children without an intellectual impairment revealed improvements in language interaction, ability to sustain attention measured via eye monitoring, and enhanced alpha and beta EEG power, a measure of mind function.

Tuntunan bagi pemula main slot online

However, those that also had an intellectual impairment did disappoint social interaction function improvement after the mixture.

The searchings for show up online in the Journal of Pediatric medicines.

"Cable blood includes immune modulating cells called monocytes," says Joanne Kurtzberg, teacher of pediatric medicines at Fight it out College and supervisor of the Marcus Facility for Mobile Remedies. "In the lab, these cells relax a kind of mind swelling that can be seen in children with autism. In this study, we evaluated whether cable blood infusions would certainly reduce signs in children with autism."

Approximately 40% of children with autism also have an intellectual impairment, as specified as an IQ listed below 70, inning accordance with first writer Geraldine Dawson, supervisor of the Fight it out Institute for Mind Sciences and teacher of psychiatry and behavior sciences.

More research will be necessary to determine why the searchings for in this study are various in between those with and without an intellectual impairment, and whether changing the therapy could make it beneficial to more children.

"It's uncertain whether the failing for children with intellectual impairment is because of the brief period of the study, the result measures not being delicate enough to spot change in this populace, or that the cable blood is actually not an efficient therapy for children with autism that also have an intellectual impairment," Dawson says.

"We learned a great deal from this initial study," says Kurtzberg, elderly writer of the paper. "In the future, we wish to conduct a test designed for children with autism that have intellectual impairment concentrating on result measures that can be targeted to test this team of children. We also used lessons gained from this study to design a continuous study testing various other cell treatments in older children with autism without intellectual impairment."

"Overall, we are encouraged by these initial outcomes and plan to develop after them in future studies of mobile treatments in children with autism," Kurtzberg says.

The Marcus Structure moneyed the work.

BIASED STUDIES LINKED ANTIDEPRESSANTS IN PREGNANCY TO AUTISM

BIASED STUDIES LINKED ANTIDEPRESSANTS IN PREGNANCY TO AUTISM



Taking antidepressants while pregnant doesn't show up to increase the child's risk of autism, inning accordance with a brand-new meta-analysis.

The review in the American Journal of Psychiatry analyzes 14 studies, many which determined a link in between antidepressant use while pregnant and autism. However, that research cannot represent ascertainment predisposition, which occurs when one team of clients or topics goes through testing more often compared to others, says study writer Jeffrey Newport, supervisor of the Women's Reproductive Psychological Health and wellness program at UT Health and wellness Austin's Mulva Center for the Neurosciences and a teacher of psychiatry at Dell Clinical Institution at The College of Texas at Austin.

Tuntunan bagi pemula main slot online

In the evaluation, Newport and associates found the origin of predisposition is limited access to healthcare amongst ethnic minority and immigrant moms.

"In these studies, immigrant and Latina moms regularly had both lower prices of antidepressant therapy and lower prices of autism medical diagnosis in their children," Newport says. "This isn't unexpected, as these minority teams are known to have poorer access to healthcare, consisting of therapy for anxiety and careful analysis evaluation of worrying habits in a child."

Newport found that family-based studies gotten rid of the predisposition problem by contrasting children with antidepressant direct exposure or autism medical diagnosis with their brother or sisters that didn't have antidepressant direct exposure or autism. With the ethnic predisposition gotten rid of, the family-based studies exposed no organization in between prenatal antidepressant use and autism.

"This should advise us that although insurance data sources and nationwide computer pc windows computer system registries have the benefit of huge varieties of individuals, their information isn't gathered to answer research questions, but to manage business and medical concerns," Newport says.

"Fortunately, the outcomes of this meta-analysis show that with thoughtful study designs, scientists can overcome the biases often encountered when using such data sources."

WILL SOCIAL DISTANCING EXTEND UNTIL MID-2021?

In the lack of a COVID-19 injection, social distancing measures may need to remain in position until mid-2021, inning accordance with a brand-new study.

A careful, measured approach to relaxing COVID-19 limitations will protect one of the most vulnerable participants of culture and support the health and wellness solution, experts say.

Scientists used a comprehensive mathematical model calibrated versus information on the age circulation of situations, as well as the changing varieties of those hospitalized and passing away consequently of the illness, to projection both the brief and long-term impact of illness as lockdown measures unwind.

Tuntunan bagi pemula main slot online

The scientists found that considerable leisure of social distancing measures could lead to a fast resurgence of COVID-19 illness. Such a large, second epidemic wave could bewilder the health and wellness system, they say. In all considered age-shielding centered strategies they forecasted major demand on critical treatment sources throughout the course of the pandemic.

On the other hand, the reintroduction and launch of stringent measures on a local basis, based upon ICU bed tenancy, outcomes in a lengthy epidemic tail, until the second fifty percent of 2021, but ensures protection of health and wellness solution employees.

For the study, scientists substitute a choice of situations to evaluate the impacts of various approaches to relaxing social distancing measures beginning in May 2020 and evaluated the effect on the approximated variety of clients requiring inpatient and critical treatment therapy and fatalities as key amounts of concern.

The future strategies examined consisted of: the impact of decreasing adherence with the lockdown rules; ongoing protecting of older age while relaxing measures for more youthful participants of the population; and brief application of strict social distancing measures using region-based sets off that came shut to ICU medical facility capacity.

"Our model predicts that, if considerable leisure of social distancing measures was presented in May, the UK would certainly have skilled a fast resurgence of COVID-19 and the health and wellness solution would certainly be overwhelmed by a 2nd epidemic wave," says Matt Keeling, teacher at the College of Warwick and supervisor of the Zeeman Institute for Systems Biology and Contagious Illness Epidemiology Research.

"To prevent this second wave, we require strategies where the social distancing measures are relaxed gradually, either slowly throughout the whole populace or by targeting various areas or age-groups. Eventually, the situation which reduces fatalities from COVID-19 requires long-lasting social distancing until a injection can be delivered."

"We are functioning night and day to understand the complex patterns of spread out, and find methods which life can take actions back towards normality without threatening lives," includes Michael Tildesley, teacher at the College of Warwick.

PARENTS WITH DEPRESSION REPORT LESS EMPATHY FOR THEIR KIDS

Moms and dads with greater anxiety signs record experiencing much less empathy—even towards their own children, inning accordance with a brand-new study.

That could have considerable long-lasting unfavorable impacts, the scientists say.

"Feeling comprehended and approved is important for everybody, but particularly in the context of the parent-child connection," says Kathryn L. Humphreys, aide teacher of psychology at Vanderbilt University's Peabody University of education and learning and human development and elderly writer of the paper in PLOS ONE.

Tuntunan bagi pemula main slot online


"Research studies find that when children do not receive empathic responses from caretakers, they have the tendency to have a wide range of unfavorable outcomes, consisting of elevated physical responses to stress, enhanced risk for psychological conditions, particularly anxiety, and reduced compassion towards others."

The searchings for may be especially pertinent throughout the present COVID-19 outbreak, a time when anxiety and stress and anxiousness are increasing as moms and dads struggle to balance health and wellness and monetary interest in seclusion, functioning from home, and caring for (and informing) their children, the study writers say.

"DEPRESSION DOESN'T JUST AFFECT THE PERSON WHO IS EXPERIENCING IT."

"Our searchings for may help to discuss why moms and dads with anxiety are more most likely to participate in unfavorable parenting habits, such as withdrawal or hostility, and decreased favorable parenting habits, such as level of sensitivity, interaction, and heat," says lead writer Virginia Salo, a postdoctoral other. "Anxiety does not simply affect the individual that is experiencing it."

Moms and dads experiencing anxiety are more most likely to battle with tiredness and irritation, production also routine family-centric tasks such as reading with each other, preparing dishes, and having fun video games harder, Humphreys says.

These tasks are essential because they can develop psychological link, boost learning, and improve language abilities.

"A parent's problem determining and getting in touch with a child's feelings is especially worrying throughout these rough times when children's globes are being disrupted and moms and dads are the primary resource for providing a feeling of safety," Humphreys says.

Estimates show that worldwide, greater than 300 million individuals experience a significant depressive episode in their life time. Amongst grownups in the Unified Specifies alone the life time occurrence of significant depressive condition is approximately 21%.

Pengiring Malam

Diantaranya contohnya adalah prediksi bila agama akan "mati" oleh pencerahan rasional yang datang dari Eropa Barat, oleh cara berpikir baru yang saintifik, oleh langkah pengetahuan modern yang positivistik. Sarjana-sarjana besar yang dilihat seperti pendiri sosiologi dan psikologi modern—August Comte, Herbert Spencer, Émile Durkheim, Max Weber, Karl Marx, Sigmund Freud—meramalkan bila agama akan turun, jika tidak malah hilang betul-betul dengan hadirnya masyarakat industrial. Teori sekularisasi yang kuasai sampai tahun 70an meramalkan: bila proses-proses modernisasi dalam masyarakat tradisional akan membuat agama tertekan ke pinggiran. Untuk sekejap, prediksi ini benar, sampai waktu detil. Tetapi perkembangan-perkembangan paling akhir menunjukkan bila agama tidak mati, tidak tertekan ke pinggiran, dan menunjukkan pertanda kebangkitan balik lagi dan mulai merebut "ruang tengah" dalam masyarakat modern. Ahli pengetahuan politik Perancis, Olivier Roy, pernah mengatakan pertanda ini untuk "la revanche du Dieu," pembalasan sakit hati oleh Tuhan. Sejak dekade 70an, berjalan trend global yang memberi tanda-tanda kembalinya agama ke tengahnya masyarakat, termasuk di Barat sendiri. dan Lalu mereka datang dengan hati-hati oleh dia dimasukkan lah sebuah bejana yang saja bisa saja datang dengan seksama lalu menerkam dan menerjang apa yang ada.

Walau halangan dan rintangan bukan saja iman yang goyah karena pemandangan yang sangat tidak etis itu.
Lalu bagaimana dia bisa berjalan melewati waktu dari masa ke masa yang tidak lekang.

Kami pun tidak bisa mengatakannya. Dengan seekor lalat bertepuk sebelah tangan maka semua pun runtuh tanpa pernah bisa terelakkan.

Terima kasih hari ini telah memberikan kami puja puji yang terbaik kami sangat ingin melihat mu tanpa ada tand-tanda itu pun dia berlalu dan waktu pun berganti.

Lalu, bagaimana dengan hari depan agama? Saya tentu tidak bisa meramalkan apa yang akan berjalan di saat depan. Tetapi jika saya diharuskan membuat seperti prediksi (dan semoga saya tidak masuk dalam perangkap keterburu-buruan di sini !), karenanya berikut yang bisa yang bisa saya katakan: bila baik teokrasi-keras atau sekularisasi keseluruhnya, tidak berjalan kapanpun. Ada dua pihak yang akan dikecewakan kisah. Yang pertama adalah mereka yang "punyai mimpi" bila dunia bisa ditaklukkan sepenuhnya di bawah kendali agama, dan manusia dipaksakan semua untuk turuti "hukum Tuhan" seperti mereka artikan. Berikut mimpi yang dalam mempunyai bentuk yang benar-benar vulgar dimiliki oleh ISIS dan simpatisannya. Mereka punyai mimpi bisa memutar kisah dunia dengan radikal dan menegakkan "teokrasi" yang keras seperti pernah berjalan di saat lampau. (Untuk catatan: teokrasi atau khilafah yang mereka pikir itu tidak pernah berjalan kapanpun dalam kisah Islam, termasuk di saat Kanjeng Nabi sendiri!). Yang kedua adalah mereka yang punyai mimpi bila dunia bisa dibersihkan semua dari "metafiska tradisional," dari agama, dari Tuhan. Dalam kata lain, dunia yang disekularisasikan in toto. Barisan sekularis-keras ini memiliki satu gambaran dunia bagus dimana manusia semua dapat jadi "rasional," bertindak atas dasar pertimbangan-pertimbangan akal,